History 102: Western Civilization Political Ideologies Short Answer Questions

1. Early 19th century conservatives generally favored
a. reason
b. tradition
c. equality
d. the individual

2. Romantics tended to emphasize
a. emotion
b. rationalism
c. a mechanical universe
d. all of the above

3. Which of the following was NOT a Romantic writer?
a. Wordsworth
b. Eliot
c. Blake
d. Goethe

4. For most Romantics
a. emotion was a better guide to the Truth than intellect
b. rational thinking inhibited creativity
c. each individual human was unique
d. all of the above

5. One drawback to Romanticism was that it
a. did not produce any lasting works of art
b. neglected history and folklore
c. introduced emotional, non-rational elements into political life
d. did not respect human individuality

6. What great English skeptic argued that there was no necessary connection between cause and effect?
a. Edward Gibbon
b. Arnold Bennett
c. William Blake
d. David Hume

7. In Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant argued that the mind
a. was a tabula rasa
b. acts on the sensations it receives
c. contained no inherent ideas
d. could not determine cause and effect

8. One way in which Hegel differed from Plato is that
a. Hegel did not believe in an ultimate Truth while Plato did
b. Plato did not believe in an ultimate Truth while Hegel did
c. Plato believed that Truth was characterized by constant change
d. Hegel believed that Truth was characterized by constant change

9. An example of one of Hegel's "World-Historical" beings would be
a. Napoleon
b. Alexander the Great
c. Julius Caesar
d. all of the above

10. Hegel believed in a conflict between thesis and antithesis called the
a. armageddon
b. dialectic
c. categorical imperative
d. teen spirit

11. Who wrote Reflections on the French Revolution?
a. Edmund Burke
b. John Locke
c. Thomas O'Brian
d. Henry Purcell

12. For conservatives, the only legitimate sources of political authority were
a. the people and the army
b. lawyers and professors
c. God and history
d. musicians and artists

13. Liberalism was the political philosophy espoused by the
a. aristocrats
b. factory workers
c. bourgeoisie
d. Pope

14. Sources of liberal ideology included
a. ancient Greek rationalism
b. Judeo-Christian respect for the individual
c. the Glorious Revolution of 1688
d. all of the above

15. The economist who argued that the government should not try to lessen the misery of the poor was
a. David Hume
b. William Blake
c. Lord Byron
d. Thomas Malthus

16. Liberals of the early 19th century generally
a. argued for more state intervention to help poor people
b. saw poverty and suffering as beyond the scope of government activity
c. supported the Jacobin radicalism of the French Revolution
d. denied the importance of education

17. The English philosopher who advocated the "greatest good for the greatest number" was
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Jeremy Beadle
c. David Ricardo
d. Ricky Ricardo

18. The above (#18) philosophy is called _________________.
a. socialism
b. utilitarianism
c. individualism
d. parliamentarianism

19. Which of the following was NOT an early socialist thinker?
a. Fourier
b. Owen
c. Saint-Simon
d. Darwin

20. Nationalism is a bond shared by people who have a common
a. language
b. culture
c. territory
d. all of the above

21. The Congress of Vienna met in the year ________.

22. The main figure at the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian prince
a. Castlereagh
b. Talleyrand
c. Metternich
d. Bismarck

23. The above (#22) can best be described as a
a. conservative
b. liberal
c. nationalist
d. war monger

24. The settlement at Vienna
a. inflicted great punishment on France
b. took territory away from Prussia
c. restored legitimate rulers in France, Spain, Portugal, and other states
d. all of the above

25. The first revolution to occur after Vienna broke out in ___________.
a. France
b. Spain
c. England
d. the United States

26. In the Revolution of 1830 in France, Charles X was replaced by
a. Louis Philippe
b. Napoleon
c. Talleyrand
d. Marquis de Lafayette

27. The above (#26) owed his ascent to
a. the ultras
b. English troops
c. the Pope
d. the bourgeoisie

28. The Reform Bill of 1832 in England
a. extended the suffrage to many of the middle class
b. eliminated property requirements for voting
c. gave rotten boroughs greater representation
d. all of the above

29. Which English reformers demanded universal manhood suffrage and annual elections?
a. Sybarites
b. Chartists
c. Communists
d. Quislings

30. ______ is known as "the year of revolution" in Europe.

31. Who emerged as leader as a result of the above (#30) revolution in France?
a. Louis Napoleon
b. Otto von Bismarck
c. Alfred Dreyfus
d. Gustave Courbet

32. What French socialist leader advocated establishing cooperative workshops?
a. Sylvain Sylvain
b. Alexis de Tocqueville
c. Louis Blanc
d. Mel Blanc

33. During the revolution (#30), German liberals met at ____________ to form a federation of German states.
a. Berlin
b. Potsdam
c. Munich
d. Frankfurt

34. In Germany, the revolution (#30) was a victory for the
a. liberals
b. Prussian authoritarians
c. socialist artisans
d. all of the above

35. The most serious threat to the Hapsburg rulers of the Austrian Empire came from the
a. Germans
b. Magyars
c. Slavs
d. Rumanians

36. Leader of the above (#35) was
a. Otto von Bismarck
b. Alfred zu Windischgratz
c. Louis Kossuth
d. Joseph Radetzky

37. In Italy, after the "Five Glorious Days" the city of _______ freed itself from the Austrians
a. Rome
b. Milan
c. Palermo
d. Marseilles

38. During the revolution (#30 above) in Italy, the Pope called on _________ to help defeat the revolutionaries.
a. France
b. Spain
c. Turkey
d. England

39. The revolutions (#30 above) failed because
a. conservative rulers' armies proved too strong
b. the alliances between middle- and working-class fell apart
c. nationalist rivalries divided the revolutionaries
d. all of the above

40. Among the accomplishments of the revolutions (#30), was/were
a. all French men gained the right to vote
b. peasant labor was abolished in Austria
c. parliaments were established in the German states
d. all of the above