History 102: Western Civilization Mid-19th Century Politics and Culture Short Answer Questions

1. According to your text, the dominant movement in art and literature in the mid-nineteenth century was
a. classicism
b. religion
c. realism
d. romanticism

2. Gustave Courbet exemplified the above style by painting
a. commonplace people doing ordinary things
b. religious scenes
c. aristocratic portraits
d. dramatic landscapes

3. In literature, the prototype of the above style was Gustave Flaubert's
a. Hunchback of Notre Dame
b. A Tale of Two Cities
c. Oliver Twist
d. Madame Bovary

4. The English novelist who depicted the plight of the working class in such novels as Hard Times was
a. Flaubert
b. Eliot
c. Dickens
d. Trollope

5. Positivists believed that
a. ultimate principles could be discovered using reason alone
b. society should be studied using scientific methods
c. experience was a faulty guide to learning about society
d. all of the above

6. The leading Positivist was
a. Victor Hugo
b. August Comte
c. George Sand
d. Peter Positive

7. What English scientist is considered the founder of the theory of evolution?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Michael Oakeshott
c. Daniel Webster
d. John Russell

8. Persons who applied the theory of evolution to society were called
a. utopian socialists
b. Malthusian practitioners
c. social Darwinists
d. utilitarians

9. The above application of evolutionary theory also served to increase
a. racism
b. nationalism
c. militarism
d. all of the above

10. Marx believed all of the following except
a. violence led to progress
b. religion was a human creation
c. history was not important
d. material technology determined human development

11. Marx borrowed the concept of the dialectic from which German philosopher?
a. Freud
b. Hegel
c. Goethe
d. Fichte

12. In 1848 Marx and Friedrich Engels published
a. The Communist Manifesto
b. Origin of Species
c. Man and Superman
d. Hard Times

13. What was Marx's attitude toward capitalism?
a. he favored it
b. he opposed it
c. he considered it unimportant
d. he didn't like it, but didn't think anything could be done about it

14. Marxism appealed primarily to the
a. middle classes
b. aristocracy
c. industrial workers
d. peasants

15. Critics of Marx have pointed out that
a. he made no use of economic factors in his theory
b. workers have enjoyed a steadily increasing standard of living
c. no socialist revolutions have ever broken out
d. all of the above

16. The self-educated French printer and typesetter who is considered the father of anarchism was
a. Gutenberg
b. Proudhon
c. Rousseau
d. Lamartine

17. Anarchists basically believed that
a. the state should be destroyed by either violent or non-violent means
b. absolute monarchy was the only guarantee of individual freedom
c. terrorism should never be used to achieve political ends
d. the working class was relatively unimportant and did not deserve any rights

18. John Stuart Mill wrote the classic statement of individual freedom in his book,
a. Hard Times
b. Silas Marner
c. On Liberty
d. The Age of Reason

19. According to your text, after the mid-nineteenth century how did British liberalism change?
a. many liberals began to advocate violent revolution to overthrow aristocrats
b. some liberals began to advocate more government activity to promote opportunity for individuals
c. most British liberals abandoned their belief in private property
d. liberalism died out in Britain

20. The British liberal who continued to advocate laissez-faire and wrote The Man Versus the State was
a. William Gladstone
b. Benjamin Disraeli
c. Herbert Spencer
d. H.G. Wells

21. Which of the following was NOT a major feminist thinker?
a. Mary Wollstonecraft
b. Eugene Sue
c. Sarah Grimk
d. Harriet Mill

22.____ True or false: the Revolutions of 1848 ended in failure.

23. According to your text, the architects of the unification of Italy and Germany were
a. practical, calculating statesmen
b. liberal idealists
c. socialist revolutionaries
d. romantic dreamers

24. The Carbonari was
a. a restaurant in Rome where radicals used to meet
b. an elite corps of Sardinian fighters
c. an Italian secret society which worked for independence
d. a "super" weapon of the Italian army

25. The romantic Italian revolutionary who believed that the revolution must come from below was
a. Cavour
b. Mazzini
c. Napoleon III
d. Frescobaldi

26. The Italian patriot who led the revolt against the Bourbons in southern Italy was
a. Sammartini
b. Vivaldi
c. Pulcinella
d. Garibaldi

27. Prussian aristocrats were called _________________.

28. The Zollverein was a/an
a. German customs union
b. Austrian dessert
c. Hungarian estate
d. Dutch shipping company

29. Who wrote the following: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."

_____________________________ and _______________________________

30. The Prussian chancellor who engineered German unification was
a. Otto von Bismarck
b. Friedrich Engels
c. Fritz von Mannheim
d. Carl von Clauswitz

31. The unification of Germany was completed by the ___________ War (1870).
a. Crimean
b. 2nd Balkan
c. Franco-Prussian
d. First World

32. In Austria, nationalism had the effect of
a. creating a strong unified state similar to Italy and Germany
b. allying Austria with a unified Germany
c. fragmenting and eventually destroying the Hapsburg dynasty
d. destroying the power of the Hungarian aristocracy

33. Extreme nationalism in the late nineteenth century tended to be
a. racist
b. anti-liberal
c. militaristic
d. all of the above

34. According to your text, "volkish" thought in Germany was
a. dangerous
b. prevalent among the working classes
c. a direct outgrowth of the Enlightenment
d. all of the above

35. By the 16th century, in many towns, Jews were forced to live in separate, restricted areas called _________________________